Twin study is for examing the influence of genetic and environment on behavial and medical traits. The researchers observed both the identical and fraternal twins and found that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because they are closer in the genetic parts than fraternal twins. Also, the researchers found that the genetic effect, environment and unique environments do important roles to shape people. Adaoption study is based on the record of individuals who are adopted. The advantage of adoption study is that it can help people to know the impact of environment and genetic influence in various situation. Also, people can compare them easily with others in the family. However, the disadvantage is that people cannot eaily find the difference. MISTRA (Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart) is that the study about twins who are seperated when they are born, and raised in the different families. The result of this study is that the twins have many similar things such as personality, interest and attitudes. This found makes people to think that these similarities are because of genetics, not environment and the difference is because of environmental effects. The one of example of this study is 'jim twins'. They have a lot of similarities such as the name of son and the number they married.
Thursday, April 4, 2013
Wednesday, April 3, 2013
Stroke: An Assault on the brain
1. Explain what happens to the brain when a stroke occurs.
The cells in the brain die when a stroke occurs and because of this, the ablilities which the part that the dead cells responseare lost. The part of movement, speech and memory can be affected.
2. Briefly explain the differences between the three different types of strokes.
First type is ischemic stoke. 83% of stroke is ischemic stoke that blood clots in the artheries which suply blood to the head. This means that oxygen cannot go that part of brain. Ischemic stoke is divided two parts; embolic and thrombotic. Embloic is that blood clots in the body and it breaks off and block brain's blood vessel. It makes the blood vessel too narrow, so blood cannot pass it. Another type is hemorragic stroke. The blood vessel ruptures and and bleed in the brain. It is more common and it can be occured in the brain. Third type is subarachnoid hemorrhage which blood spills and it goes into the spinal fluid.
3. Identify some of the most common risk factors - in other words, who is most likely to have a stroke?
3. Identify some of the most common risk factors - in other words, who is most likely to have a stroke?
To people who have a high blood, the stoke can be occured, especially hemorragic storke can be easily occured.
4. What disabilities can result from a stroke?
4. What disabilities can result from a stroke?
No matter what kind of stoke is occured, lifetime disablitiy and death can be result of the storke, so people need the medical treatment.
5. What is brain plasticity and what does it mean in terms of recovering from a stroke?
Brain plasticity, or neuroplasticiy is the ability of the brain to change with learning. It allows to rebuild of neurological connection, which is needed to recover stroke. It is because neurological connection is damaged because of stoke.
5. What is brain plasticity and what does it mean in terms of recovering from a stroke?
Brain plasticity, or neuroplasticiy is the ability of the brain to change with learning. It allows to rebuild of neurological connection, which is needed to recover stroke. It is because neurological connection is damaged because of stoke.
Thursday, March 21, 2013
The Split Brain Theory
Mi Kyung Kim
IB Psychology Year 1
1. What does it mean for a person's brain to be "split"?
- It means that the brain is divided two hemisphere, and it is connected by the corpus callosum that transmits information between two hemisphere.
- It means that the brain is divided two hemisphere, and it is connected by the corpus callosum that transmits information between two hemisphere.
2. What was the reason why this procedure was performed on patients?
- It is because the patients did surgery which was removing a corpus callosum that connects two hemisphere. So, the brain cannot transmit information to each other. It means the brain cannot work together. It is good for this experience, because they want to know what each hemisphere does special function and two hemisphere do not work together, so researchers was able to know easily what each hemisphere does.
3. Explain one of the tests Sperry and Gazzaniga performed on these split brain patients.
- Sperry and Gazzaniga used a visual paradigm. They made that patients looked the middle point of screen, and only presented the stimulus very briefly. It was to remove participants making eye movement to left or right side of the stimuli. Second, they blindfolded patients. Then, they had patients identify objects placed in their left or right hand, and did similar things to animal.
- Sperry and Gazzaniga used a visual paradigm. They made that patients looked the middle point of screen, and only presented the stimulus very briefly. It was to remove participants making eye movement to left or right side of the stimuli. Second, they blindfolded patients. Then, they had patients identify objects placed in their left or right hand, and did similar things to animal.
5. What is the reason that these results occurred?
- This is because each brain parts do different works. The left brain do work related with mathematics or vocal expression. The right brain do work related with visual things such as drawing or making.
- This is because each brain parts do different works. The left brain do work related with mathematics or vocal expression. The right brain do work related with visual things such as drawing or making.
6. What is the corpus callosum and what role does it serve in your brain?
- The corpus callosum is the thick band of nerve fiebers between left hemisphere and right hemisphere. It connects both hemisphere; left and right and it allows both hemisphere to communicate to each other.
Saturday, January 26, 2013
The Dutch Hunger Winter
From
survivors, people found something interest. The Dutch survivors were a group of
individuals who just suffered from one period of malnutrition and all of them
suffered at exactly same time. Because of well health-care infrastructure in
Netherlands, epidemiologists who study about epidemic diseases could follow the
long-term effect of famine. Famine is scarcity of food. First of all was the
weight of children who had been in the womb during the winter. Because of
starvation, people got malnutrition, which is the condition when the body does
not get enough nutrition from foods. If mother was well fed in the beginning of
pregnancy and malnourished only in the roughly last 3 months of pregnancy, the
babies were usually born smaller than normal babies. On the other hand, if
mother was not well fed in the beginning of conception some a few months and
well fed end of pregnancy, the baby’s weight was usually normal. It showed that
the fetuses grow most in the end of pregnancy. So, there was difference between
babies whose mother were well fed in the beginning and last a few months.
More
interesting is some of these effects are showed in present from children. The grandchildren
of the women who suffered from malnutrition during the first three month of conception
have higher obesity rate and get some diseases easily than other normal
children. These noticed that one pregnant population can affect to grandchildren.
Theory of Evolution
1. Explain the theory of evolution.
- Theory of evolution is proposed by Charles Darwin. The theory requires three condition; variation, selection and retention. Variation is that there are many species. Selection is that individual has different inheritance. Last, they have to have a retention of the selected traits from ancestors.
2. Explain the “nature vs nurture” debate.
- It is that although both of heredity and environment can affect on the human's mind, the question is which one is more effective. As a result, they are viewed as competition.
- It is that although both of heredity and environment can affect on the human's mind, the question is which one is more effective. As a result, they are viewed as competition.
3. What is wrong with the concept of “nature vs. nurture”?
- It is not a matter of nature and nurture. The competitive frameworks misread the way how the human traits come to be.
- It is not a matter of nature and nurture. The competitive frameworks misread the way how the human traits come to be.
4. What is meant by “social Darwinism”?
- It is that competition and natural selection are basic power of social evolution. They rejected that it is from biology.
- It is that competition and natural selection are basic power of social evolution. They rejected that it is from biology.
5. Explain eugenics.
- It is a effort to produce super human through selective breeding. It formalized the idea that we develop super dogs and roses.
6. What is the problem with the concept of eugenics?
- People misunderstand the concept of evolution. The problem is that the traits that people think it is good could combine with less-valued traits. Also, everyone is top of an equally long series of successful reproduction.
7. What does the term “fitness” mean in relation to evolution?
- It is a basic mechanism of evolution. The greatest fit is remained and passed to next generation to survive, and less fit is disappeared.
- It is a basic mechanism of evolution. The greatest fit is remained and passed to next generation to survive, and less fit is disappeared.
8. What is meant by “genetic determination”?
- It is one of the persistent objection in psychology, and in biology, generally, it means if something found to be genetic, it cannot be changed. So, investigating genetic basis is dangerous.
9. What is “fixation”?
- The species are committed to it, so it is only changed by mutation.
- The species are committed to it, so it is only changed by mutation.
10. What is “canalization”?
- It is a phenomenon that the trait controlled by family of gene that produce same result.
11. What is “punctuated equilibrium”?
- It is the period of rapid evolution were colorfully terms. During the equilibrium, usually, the natural selection does not crease.
- It is the period of rapid evolution were colorfully terms. During the equilibrium, usually, the natural selection does not crease.
12. How does evolution relate to psychology?
- Evolution explains some psychological traits such as memories, perception, and adaptation.
13. Examine one evolutionary explanation of behavior.
- The aggression helps animal to get food and access to the mates. Sometimes, they are aggressive to get territory and defend it. Also, human aggression may exist because of reproductive results from ancestors' aggressive behavior.
- Evolution explains some psychological traits such as memories, perception, and adaptation.
13. Examine one evolutionary explanation of behavior.
- The aggression helps animal to get food and access to the mates. Sometimes, they are aggressive to get territory and defend it. Also, human aggression may exist because of reproductive results from ancestors' aggressive behavior.
Thursday, November 22, 2012
Prominent Psychologists
1. Jean Piaget
Date and place of birth: August 9, 1896 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Date and Place of death: September 17, 1980 in Geneva, Switzerland
University: University of Neuchâtel, University of Zürich
Subject of study: Zoology
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist, Epistemologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory is based on stages, and each stage has different type of thinking. Conversion from one to other stages are generally very fast, and characteristic of each stage is not change. Also, that characteristic is universal, so it does not regard the differences like ages.
He also writes about interaction between child and environment, that he believes child cannot learn anything without interacting with environment.
2. Leon Festinger
Date and place of birth: May 8,1919 in New York City
Place of death: February 11, 1989 in New York City
University: University of Lowa
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Social Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory
- Cognitive dissonance: It is that we have an inner drive to hold our attitudes and beliefs in harmony, and avoid dissonance. It is associated with a conflicting attitudes, such as attitudes and beliefs.
- Social comparison theory: It is that we have an inner drive to accurately evaluate our opinions and abilities.
3. Neal Miller
Date and place of birth: August 3, 1909 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Date and Place of death: March 23, 2002 in Hamden, Connecticut
University: University of Washington, Stanford University, Yale University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Experimental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Dollard-Miller theory and development of biofeedback
- Dollard-Millar theory: “frustration can lead to aggression, and aggression can be caused by things other than frustration.” He suggested psychotherapy, the ways to treat the mental problems, for aggression, frustration, and anxiety.
- Development of biofeedback: He concluded that automatic nervous system is sensitive to classical conditioning.
4. Gordon Allport
Date and place of birth: November 11, 1897 in Montezuma, Indiana
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1967 in Cambridge, Massachusetts
University: Harvard University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Trait theory
- He suggests the three trait levels; cardinal trait, central trait, and secondary trait. Cardinal trait dominates and shapes person's behavior. Central trait is found in some degree in every person, and secondary trait is seen in only specific situation.
5. William James
Date and place of birth: January 11, 1842 in New York City
Date and Place of death: August 26, 1910 in Tamworth, New Hampshire
University: Harvard Medical School
Subject of study: Medicine
Field of professional study: Western Philosophist and Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: James-Lange theory of emotion
- It suggests that our emotions are caused by our interpretations of these physiological reactions.
6. Stanley Hall
Date and place of birth: February 1, 1844 in Ashfield, Massachusetts, USA
Date and Place of death: April 24, 1924 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
University: University of Harvard, University of Berlin
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: child study movement
- He gathered all the data of children's moral, intellectual, and emotional development.
7. Sigmund Freud
Date and place of birth: May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, now Czech Republic
Date and Place of death: September 23, 1939 in London England
University: University of Vienna
Subject of study: Psychoanalysis
Field of professional study: Neurology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Talking cure, Psychoanalysis
- Talking cure: people remember more than when they are in comfortable state unconsciously on the couch
- Psychoanalysis: psychological and psycho therapeutic theory
8. Raymond Cattell
Date and place of birth: March 20, 1905 in Hilltop, near Birmingham England
Date and Place of death: February 2, 1998 in Honolulu, Hawaii
University: University of London
Subject of study: Chemistry
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: 16-factor personality theory
- It is about human personality that is made of many traits and dispositions
9. Anna Freud
Date and place of birth: December 3, 1895 in Vienna
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1982 in London
University:
Subject of study: Psychoanalytic Child Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Work on the natural of Ego
- Study about important of Ego and finds the ability to be sociable
10. Mary Ainsworth
Date and place of birth: December 1, 1913 in Glendale, Ohio
Date and Place of death: March 21, 1999 in Chalottesville, Virginia
University: University of Toronto, Johns Hopkins University, University of Virginia
Subject of study: Study of mother-infant interaction
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Attachment Theory
- It describes dynamic of a long-terms relationship between humans
Date and place of birth: August 9, 1896 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Date and Place of death: September 17, 1980 in Geneva, Switzerland
University: University of Neuchâtel, University of Zürich
Subject of study: Zoology
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist, Epistemologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory is based on stages, and each stage has different type of thinking. Conversion from one to other stages are generally very fast, and characteristic of each stage is not change. Also, that characteristic is universal, so it does not regard the differences like ages.
He also writes about interaction between child and environment, that he believes child cannot learn anything without interacting with environment.
2. Leon Festinger
Date and place of birth: May 8,1919 in New York City
Place of death: February 11, 1989 in New York City
University: University of Lowa
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Social Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory
- Cognitive dissonance: It is that we have an inner drive to hold our attitudes and beliefs in harmony, and avoid dissonance. It is associated with a conflicting attitudes, such as attitudes and beliefs.
- Social comparison theory: It is that we have an inner drive to accurately evaluate our opinions and abilities.
3. Neal Miller
Date and place of birth: August 3, 1909 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Date and Place of death: March 23, 2002 in Hamden, Connecticut
University: University of Washington, Stanford University, Yale University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Experimental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Dollard-Miller theory and development of biofeedback
- Dollard-Millar theory: “frustration can lead to aggression, and aggression can be caused by things other than frustration.” He suggested psychotherapy, the ways to treat the mental problems, for aggression, frustration, and anxiety.
- Development of biofeedback: He concluded that automatic nervous system is sensitive to classical conditioning.
4. Gordon Allport
Date and place of birth: November 11, 1897 in Montezuma, Indiana
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1967 in Cambridge, Massachusetts
University: Harvard University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Trait theory
- He suggests the three trait levels; cardinal trait, central trait, and secondary trait. Cardinal trait dominates and shapes person's behavior. Central trait is found in some degree in every person, and secondary trait is seen in only specific situation.
5. William James
Date and place of birth: January 11, 1842 in New York City
Date and Place of death: August 26, 1910 in Tamworth, New Hampshire
University: Harvard Medical School
Subject of study: Medicine
Field of professional study: Western Philosophist and Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: James-Lange theory of emotion
- It suggests that our emotions are caused by our interpretations of these physiological reactions.
6. Stanley Hall
Date and place of birth: February 1, 1844 in Ashfield, Massachusetts, USA
Date and Place of death: April 24, 1924 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
University: University of Harvard, University of Berlin
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: child study movement
- He gathered all the data of children's moral, intellectual, and emotional development.
7. Sigmund Freud
Date and place of birth: May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, now Czech Republic
Date and Place of death: September 23, 1939 in London England
University: University of Vienna
Subject of study: Psychoanalysis
Field of professional study: Neurology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Talking cure, Psychoanalysis
- Talking cure: people remember more than when they are in comfortable state unconsciously on the couch
- Psychoanalysis: psychological and psycho therapeutic theory
8. Raymond Cattell
Date and place of birth: March 20, 1905 in Hilltop, near Birmingham England
Date and Place of death: February 2, 1998 in Honolulu, Hawaii
University: University of London
Subject of study: Chemistry
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: 16-factor personality theory
- It is about human personality that is made of many traits and dispositions
9. Anna Freud
Date and place of birth: December 3, 1895 in Vienna
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1982 in London
University:
Subject of study: Psychoanalytic Child Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Work on the natural of Ego
- Study about important of Ego and finds the ability to be sociable
10. Mary Ainsworth
Date and place of birth: December 1, 1913 in Glendale, Ohio
Date and Place of death: March 21, 1999 in Chalottesville, Virginia
University: University of Toronto, Johns Hopkins University, University of Virginia
Subject of study: Study of mother-infant interaction
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Attachment Theory
- It describes dynamic of a long-terms relationship between humans
Saturday, October 13, 2012
Autism
Autism
Autism is complex developmental disorder. It affects on the brain's normal developments of social and communication skills. People ,who have an autism, can not be good at social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and have a problems to process the information from senses, be restricted and repetitive patterns in behavior.
People who have the autism are indifferent and remote. Also, they cannot make emotional bond. Emotional bond is emotional issues like trust, respect and recognition.
People who have an autism are hard to regulate their emotion, and maintain calm state. Some people have a problem in cognition and show some high level of depression.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)