Thursday, November 22, 2012

Prominent Psychologists

1. Jean Piaget


Date and place of birth: August 9, 1896 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Date and Place of death: September 17, 1980 in Geneva, Switzerland
University: University of Neuchâtel University of Zürich
Subject of study: Zoology
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist, Epistemologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory is based on stages,  and each stage has different type of thinking. Conversion from one to other stages are generally very fast, and characteristic of each stage is not change.  Also, that characteristic is universal, so it does not regard the differences like ages.
  He also writes about interaction between child and environment, that he believes child cannot learn anything without interacting with environment. 

2. Leon Festinger


Date and place of birth: May 8,1919 in New York City
Place of death: February 11, 1989 in New York City
University: University of Lowa
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Social Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory
- Cognitive dissonance: It is that we have an inner drive to hold our attitudes and beliefs in harmony, and avoid dissonance. It is associated with a conflicting attitudes, such as attitudes and beliefs.
- Social comparison theory: It is that we have an inner drive to accurately evaluate our opinions and abilities.

3. Neal Miller 


Date and place of birth: August 3, 1909 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Date and Place of death: March 23, 2002 in Hamden, Connecticut
University: University of Washington, Stanford University, Yale University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Experimental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Dollard-Miller theory and development of biofeedback
- Dollard-Millar theory: “frustration can lead to aggression, and aggression can be caused by things other than frustration.” He suggested psychotherapy, the ways to treat the mental problems, for aggression, frustration, and anxiety. 
- Development of biofeedback: He concluded that automatic nervous system is sensitive to classical conditioning.

4. Gordon Allport 


Date and place of birth: November 11, 1897 in Montezuma, Indiana
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1967 in Cambridge, Massachusetts
University: Harvard University
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Trait theory
- He suggests the three trait levels; cardinal trait, central trait, and secondary trait. Cardinal trait dominates and shapes person's behavior. Central trait is found in some degree in every person, and secondary trait is seen in only specific situation.

5. William James


Date and place of birth: January 11, 1842 in New York City
Date and Place of death: August 26, 1910 in Tamworth, New Hampshire
University: Harvard Medical School
Subject of study: Medicine
Field of professional study: Western Philosophist and Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: James-Lange theory of emotion
- It suggests that our emotions are caused by our interpretations of these physiological reactions.

6. Stanley Hall


Date and place of birth: February 1, 1844 in Ashfield, Massachusetts, USA
Date and Place of death: April 24, 1924 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
University: University of Harvard, University of Berlin
Subject of study: Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: child study movement
- He gathered all the data of children's moral, intellectual, and emotional development.

7. Sigmund Freud


Date and place of birth: May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, now Czech Republic
Date and Place of death: September 23, 1939 in London England
University: University of Vienna
Subject of study: Psychoanalysis
Field of professional study: Neurology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Talking cure, Psychoanalysis
- Talking cure: people remember more than when they are in comfortable state unconsciously on the couch
- Psychoanalysis: psychological and psycho therapeutic theory

8. Raymond Cattell


Date and place of birth: March 20, 1905 in Hilltop, near Birmingham England
Date and Place of death: February 2, 1998 in Honolulu, Hawaii
University: University of London
Subject of study: Chemistry
Field of professional study: Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: 16-factor personality theory
- It is about human personality that is made of many traits and dispositions

9. Anna Freud 


Date and place of birth: December 3, 1895 in Vienna
Date and Place of death: October 9, 1982 in London
University: 
Subject of study: Psychoanalytic Child Psychology
Field of professional study: Psychoanalysis
Important theories or discoveries: Work on the natural of Ego
- Study about important of Ego and finds the ability to be sociable

10. Mary Ainsworth



Date and place of birth: December 1, 1913 in Glendale, Ohio
Date and Place of death: March 21, 1999 in Chalottesville, Virginia
University: University of Toronto, Johns Hopkins University, University of Virginia
Subject of study: Study of mother-infant interaction
Field of professional study: Developmental Psychologist
Important theories or discoveries: Attachment Theory
- It describes dynamic of a long-terms relationship between humans

Saturday, October 13, 2012

Autism


Autism

     Autism is complex developmental disorder. It affects on the brain's normal developments of social and communication skills. People ,who have an autism, can not be good at social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and have a problems to process the information from senses, be restricted and repetitive patterns in behavior.
People who have the autism are indifferent and remote. Also, they cannot make emotional bond. Emotional bond is emotional issues like trust, respect and recognition.
People who have an autism are hard to regulate their emotion, and maintain calm state. Some people have a problem in cognition and show some high level of depression.

Sunday, October 7, 2012

Flashbulb Memory

1. What is flashbulb memory?
     Flashbulb memory is vivid, concrete, accurate, highly detailed, and long lasting memories of the moment and circumstance when hearing some piece of surprising news. It suggests surprise, indiscriminate illusion, and conciseness.



2. Explain eah of these studies:
    a. Brown & Kulik(1977)
         They asked questions to 80 Americans when they heard about the news that was many people knew it. They used the major events, such as assassination of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and the day of Princess Diana's death.


    b. Neisser & Harsch(1992)
        They asked questions to 106 participants about the day when the space shuttle was explored. They asked where, what they doing, who told them and what time it occurred. After two month, they did it again and compared it.


    c. Talarico & Rubin
        They told to people about terrorist attack in September 11 and recent everyday events. After that, they tested again either 1, 6, or 32 later.
 
        
3. What are the important determinants of FBM?
    The emotion and social determinants are important in FBM, also physiological arousal is important determinants.

4. What role does emotion play in FBM?
    Emotion affects on memory that emotion plays in forming in FBM.

Wednesday, October 3, 2012

PTSD: Treatments

IB Psychology



     There are many treatments for PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and one of the treatments is Trauma - focused cognitive - behavioral theory(TF-CBT). It is that a psychotherapy which is based treatment model to expose themselves gradually. It can be exposed by thoughts, feelings, situation, and behavior when trauma is made.It is well effective treatment. Not only people, who have a PTSD, but their family can learn the skills about the treatment, and can learn the skills about behavior.

     Second one is family therapy, family therapy is that family care them to recover PTSD. PTSD cannot understand their emotion easily. so their family helps to them by saying their love and make them understand what is the emotion and love. Also, family can communicate each other ,also their relationship can be close than before.    Last one is that medication. It is using the medicine to treat the PTSD. Antidepressants such as Prozac and Zoloft is common medicine to use in PTSD. It helps to feel less emotion, such as sad and worried because of PTSD.


Reference:
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/post_traumatic_stress_disorder_symptoms_treatment.htm
http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/projectbest/tfcbt/tfcbt.htm

Sunday, September 23, 2012

Culture Differences and Gender Differences



Cultural Differences:

Categories (Key forming of memory)

- cultures affects - differ in their strategies
    Ex)Western - Squirrel & raccoon / Eastern - Squirrel & nut

- lenses effect - information is encoded into memory - how those memories are organized
     evidence - Western culture - focus on categories / Eastern - focus on contextual details and similarities(functional relationships)

- 1. Research - analyzed the pattern of error in memory which element of information processing differ between culture [in Turkey]
                   - Important because people have various viewpoint and stay together in business especially global
                    - Compared China, Japan, Korea, to the US, and Canada (but, many people said stack dichotomy is mistaken.)

- 2. Research - Turkish (both Asian culture and European Culture) students give a word to remember which is categorically related
                      - can semantic association error
                      - American - making more category - base error / Turk - making more association error

Gender Differences:

Episodic Memory (kind of long-term memory)


-Psychologist Agneta Herlitz & Jenny Rehman

-sex influences the ability to remember everyday events

-women: verbal episodic memory task ex) word, object, pictures, every day events
  men: visuospatial (non - linguistic) processing ex)remembering symbolize, non - linguistic

-women - favor in task ex) location of car key

-women - good remember about face, especially female

-women - good at little to no verbal processing more than men ex) recognition of familiar oder

short term memory

-differences from both brain function and brain construction variances

-1. Some hormones, such as Testosterone and Estrogen affect on brain development
      -Man have many neurons than women - make difference
        - Old - killing neurons - can explain why many neurons make difference

-Women often get higher grade in verbal test than men when

-short term memory is influenced by the 'genderness'

Monday, September 17, 2012

Alzheimer's Disease

<Psychology>
Mi Kyung Kim
September 13, 2012
Alzheimer's Disease: The Forgetting


1. Why do you think Alzheimer's disease is so much more common now that it was in the past? Explain your answer in detail.

- I think the development of technology makes Alzheimer's disease is much more common now. For example, most of people have cell phone, and it remembers all of people's information such as phone number, birthday, and where they live. So, people do not have to remember people's information. So, the memory of people is decreased. Also, some other reason is that the age. Most of people get Alzheimer's disease when they become old.

2. How is Alzheimer's an economic issue?

 - When people retired, in government, they give regular amount of money to retired people. However, if people get Alzheimer's diseases, they cannot work, so they cannot help retiring. So, the government need many money, but the retired people cannot work so they cannot earn money. If it will be lasted, the revenue of government will be decreased. 

3. Explain how Alzheimer's disease was "discovered".

- The Alzheimer's disease was discovered by German psychiatric doctor , Alzheimer. One day, he met some woman. She had problem in memory and some other physical problems. He found that her brain had become shriveled and some of thing in the brain had disappeared.

4. Explain the concept that Alzheimer's robs you of your identity.

- I cannot remember myself that some information about me such as address, name, or number. Also, I cannot remember not only the my information, but also family. If we do not remember about ourselves, we wonder who are we and who family are. Although people say about person who get the Alzheimer's disease, people cannot believe that information, so they can lose their identity.
5. Describe the process that Alzheimer's disease follows.

- The Alzheimer's disease's process is not same. Some people can be fast, and some people can be slow. At first, people can do daily life, but the memory starts decreasing. For example, people start to forget often. Second, people become to hard to do daily life, the example of that is to forget that people fire, or get lost. Third stage is that people get huge problems physically. People cannot eat food, or incontinent. So, family need to help and concentrate.